Which is how? Keeping in mind that Russia maintained control of both Berlin and East Germany for the next fifty years as the most strategic depth they had ever achieved. Only relinquishing control in the face of popular uprisings both in Germany and at Home.
The way the Russians moved into Berlin? Zukov got 700,000 of his troops killed in that last campaign (a lot from friendly fire) in his rush to beat the rest of the Allies there.
Do you think Russians should not move towards Berlin in 1945 and let Nazy to conquer the Europe?
I really want to hear Romans take on how communist domination of Eastern europe for 50+ years was not imperialistic.
In my opinion, it was a normal period of the country development. Most of the European countries went through the colonial period. The Russia development is retarded. It was a Russian colonial period. And it ends. Like this period ended in the UK, German, France, the Netherlands and others about 100 years ago. But the USSR do not oppress any Eastern Europe country during its colonial period. On the contrary, the USSR spend a lot of money and resources to maintain those countries development. I can not say it about for example UK politics in India in the 19th century. And I want to say that today's Russia is not a direct descendant of the USSR. Russia was a part of the USSR like any of the 14 other countries.
But USSR do not oppress any Eastern Europe country during its colonial period. On the contrary, USSR spend a lot of money and resources to maintain those countries development.
HUH?!? The Russians starved and killed thousands. In Estonia:
In 1940, Estonia became just another victim of the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (aka Treaty of Nonaggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and was invaded by the Soviet Union. During the first purge in 1941, ten thousands of Estonians were murdered, deported or forced into military service in the Red Army. Pure terror reigned the country for the next time. Things didn't get much better when the Nazi German Wehrmacht occupied Estonia to make it a part of the wide Generalkommissariat Ostland (Central province of Eastland). The terror continued. But in August 1944, the Red Army took over again. Especially in 1949, the hunt for the so-called "enemies of the nation" started. Again, Estonia saw ten thousands of its citizens deported or killed. At the same time, forced collectivization of farmers, massive industrialisation and russification started. The original language, Estonian, was gradually marginalised.
The death toll from the 1932-33 famine in Ukraine has been estimated between six million and seven million. According to a Soviet author, "Before they died, people often lost their senses and ceased to be human beings." Yet one of Stalin's lieutenants in Ukraine stated in 1933 that the famine was a great success. It showed the peasants "who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay."
I suppose then the Russian suppression of the Hungarian and Czech uprisings were really just demonstrations of communist solidarity instead of the Bloody, repressive, crackdowns of independence movements that they appeared to be in the west? What was the Russian attack on Finland in the winter of 1940? The traditional historical view, borne out by the historical record and Russian demands at the time, is that Russia sought control of the Karelian Isthmus and the Hanko Peninsula so that Russia could build a Naval base and gain strategic depth for Leningrad.Come on, you cant seriouslyu be suggesting that communist domination of Eastern Europe was simple colonialism. I stand by my original assertion that Russia and by extension the USSR and Empire preceding it have always sought to have either control or influence of their bordering nations in order to enhance Russian security by providing strategic depth.
Russia wanted frontiers with deep water ports. Peter the Great understood that waterway access was the key to imperial growth and sustenance. The Soviets just carried this thinking into the modern era. Turkey, Finland, and Japan always stood in their way of achieving this goal.
Russia wanted frontiers with deep water ports. Peter the Great understood that waterway access was the key to imperial growth and sustenance. The Soviets just carried this thinking into the modern era. Turkey, Finland, and Japan always stood in their way of achieving this goal.
In Estonia:In 1940, Estonia became just another victim of the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (aka Treaty of Nonaggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and was invaded by the Soviet Union. During the first purge in 1941, ten thousands of Estonians were murdered, deported or forced into military service in the Red Army. Pure terror reigned the country for the next time. Things didn't get much better when the Nazi German Wehrmacht occupied Estonia to make it a part of the wide Generalkommissariat Ostland (Central province of Eastland). The terror continued. But in August 1944, the Red Army took over again. Especially in 1949, the hunt for the so-called "enemies of the nation" started. Again, Estonia saw ten thousands of its citizens deported or killed. At the same time, forced collectivization of farmers, massive industrialisation and russification started. The original language, Estonian, was gradually marginalised.
Ten thousands... It is exaggeration. Only 9156 people were deported, from these 3178 people were sended into the camps, and 5978 were sended to the settlements in the Krasnoyarskaya oblast' (region) and in the Novosibirskaya oblast' (region). Only 200 people was died among prisoners. There are no exact data about how many people were died among exiles. It is thought that no more than 2000 people. But do not forget that so high mortality was because it was the hard wartime, but not due to Kremlin's evil plans. Also the deportation was the necessity for the USSR, because it was the wartime. If there were no many Estonian nationalists which collaborated with German intelligence services then there was no necessity of such actions.Afterwards, during Soviet period in Estonia was built the complex of modern seaports, the USSR spent a lot of money and resources on the industrialisation of agrarian Estonia. I recall in my childhood in the later USSR people said that "People in Estonia live like in Europe". The level of the living-index in Estonia was one of the most higher in the USSR.
The death toll from the 1932-33 famine in Ukraine has been estimated between six million and seven million. According to a Soviet author, "Before they died, people often lost their senses and ceased to be human beings." Yet one of Stalin's lieutenants in Ukraine stated in 1933 that the famine was a great success. It showed the peasants "who is the master here. It cost millions of lives, but the collective farm system is here to stay."
In that time the famine was not only in Ukraine, but in the whole USSR. And it is also exaggeration. Almost all of the pictures you may see about 1932-33 famine in Ukraine are falsification. For example, look at the cover of this book: And now look at the original picture:This picture was made in Russia, Buguruslan in ... 1921 (not 1932-33). There is a text at the back side of this picture:
Subject: HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITY, Famine Date: Fall/1921 Location: Russia, Buguruslan Motif: In the village S. Sojekjejevo. A starving 7 year old girl who has a swollen stomach due to prolonged starvation, and because she has eaten grass. Published: Sоrensen, Оystein: Fridtjof Nansen : Mannen og myten, p. 112. Additional information: Typewritten text in Russian glued on the back: "15-M ...". Originator: Liberman, Photo
The same period was in many countries. In the UK such period was called as "enclosure" (if I translate it correctly), in German known as "Thirty Years' War".
I suppose then the Russian suppression of the Hungarian and Czech uprisings were really just demonstrations of communist solidarity instead of the Bloody, repressive, crackdowns of independence movements that they appeared to be in the west?
There are also many myths about it. For example, it is said that Soviet intervention finished off democratic government the CSSR and its leader Dubchek. But... The Soviet troopers invaded in the CSSR in August. 21 1968, but prime secretar Dubchek retired only in January 1969, and head of government Chernik in 1970. Besides these people signed protocol about the conditions in what the Soviet troopers could stay in the CSSR. And why the the CSSR's army (200000 people) was staing in the barracks and did not resist?Bloody? During this action died 72 Czech people, who threw the petrol bombs at the Soviet tanks, tried to spoil the communications facilities and transport.
I don't want to say that in Russian history there are no aggressive actions, I just want to say that agression in Russia no more then in any of the European counties.
You have got to be kidding me. ??? ???I challenge you to find a Czech or Hungarian that agrees with your assessment of Russian activities in Eastern Europe. I know for a fact that Germany has spent Billions cleaning up the mess in the Former east germany and reapiring the roads and infrastructure that the communists could not afford to maintain because of their terrible economy. The US forced the dissolution of the USSR by American defense spending in the 1980's, the Russian economy was simply not capable of producing enough military hardware for them to narrow the percieved capability gap bewteen western and soviet forces.The famines of the 1930's in Russia and the USSR as a whole were due to collectivisation, a misguided concept if any. As late as the 1980's the most productive soviet agricultural land was the 5% of total farmaland people were allotted as private plots. Why is that? I fail to see how crop failures through weather (Irish Potato famine) and dislocation caused by war and depopultaion (Thirty Years War) are equivalent to a systematic government policy enacted by force (Collectivisation). The first two are somewhat unavoidable, collectivism was a self-inflicted wound.Where did you get your numbers for number of deportees from Estonia? Do you have a citation for that?A good example of Russian imperialism is the War in Georgia last summer and the current Gas crisis with Ukraine. Sadly, the European governments are not courageous enough to stand up to Russia because they have hamstrung themselves by becoming dependent on Russia for energy supplies. Russia knows this and this is one reason Medvedev and Putin are so bold.Perhaps you can answer me another question. In what way does installation of a missile Defense system in Poland Threaten Russia? I cant wrap my mind around that one either. How is a defensive system threatening? Unless it means that we are then less vulnerable to attack and thus a prop in Russian foriegn policy is removed.
Ten thousands… It is exaggeration. Only 9156 people were deported, from these 3178 people were sended into the camps, and 5978 were sended to the settlements in the Krasnoyarskaya oblast' (region) and in the Novosibirskaya oblast' (region). Only 200 people was died among prisoners. There are no exact data about how many people were died among exiles. It is thought that no more than 2000 people.
I really wish people who posted this kind of stuff (numerical figures, etc) would post the source.So is this a Russian or European source who is making these claims?
The famines of the 1930's in Russia and the USSR as a whole were due to collectivisation, a misguided concept if any. As late as the 1980's the most productive soviet agricultural land was the 5% of total farmaland people were allotted as private plots. Why is that? I fail to see how crop failures through weather (Irish Potato famine) and dislocation caused by war and depopultaion (Thirty Years War) are equivalent to a systematic government policy enacted by force (Collectivisation). The first two are somewhat unavoidable, collectivism was a self-inflicted wound.
I don't think so. Collectivisation and Industrialization had a great economical effect and result in USSR's prosperity in 1950-70th. Let's look at this slide (Angus Maddison, the Netherlands, if you would like European sources). This slide describes relationship gross domestic product per head in the USSR (in % to this one in the USA). Look at this from 1927 till 1953 and further. During 63 years from the creation of the USSR to Gorbachev in spite of negative profit during wars, well-being levels exceeded the pre-revolutionary one in 1885 (Russia's best years in economics). Keep in mind that this index is relative and compared with the USA's one. For example, USSR's gross domestic product in 1985 was compared with the USA's one in the same year, and the latter increase tenfold in compare with 1922. If calculate this stuff the conclusion is that USSR's economics during these 63 years was developing more rapidly than the USA's economics in 2.18%. Were collectivism & industrialism not effective?
Where did you get your numbers for number of deportees from Estonia? Do you have a citation for that?
So is this a Russian or European source who is making these claims?
It is a Soviet source. People's commissar Merkulov's Memorandum (internal document) to Stalin June, 17 1941.
current Gas crisis with Ukraine
Why Russia must sell gas dirt-cheap and have no right to demand repay from Ukraine?
I challenge you to find a Czech or Hungarian that agrees with your assessment of Russian activities in Eastern Europe.
I can not find such people because as you have said "History is what happened, not what we wanted to have happen". 😉 It is fashionable nowadays in Czech and Hungary to sully the USSR's name.Apropos of theme of this discussion "Cold War Mentalities in Today's World". At the begining of this discussion I have said "that the Cold War have ended as soon as the USSR have been destroyed in 1991". But... After what I have heard from you I changed my mind. The Cold War is not finished.
A good example of Russian imperialism is the War in Georgia last summer
I just afraid of speak about it with you 😉 I feel that we live in different worlds. 🙂Are there anybody of you teach history? Would you please give me some links to textbooks that you using in your teaching practices. I feel it would be very interesting for me. Thanks in advance.
Uh Roman, collectivization began after World War I when Russia was still a quasi-feudal economy. My God the Russian serfs had only been liberated since the 1860's, and Russia's industrial base was still in its early stages of takeoff (actually happened during the 1930's). The Russian economy failed under collectivization (Remember the Scissors Crisis?). Every time Lenin tried to implement a 5 year plan of the New Economic Policy (NEP), he had to resort back to capitalism to recover from the failings of his planned economy. He even admits as much when he says that capitalism cannot be discarded in the initial phases due to the rigorous transition of forced collectivization. Stalin had to revert back to capitalism during World War II, and he also leaned heavily upon the Russian Orthodox Church to sure up civic morale. Stalin even resurrected the Double-headed Eagle of Imperial Russia to rouse nostalgia for the homeland to win the Great Patriot War. Also, Russia borrowed heavily from the West to fight the Nazis because their planned economy was just not able to feed their troops. Trust me, if you could ask a Russian soldier what food he hated most on earth, he would say American Spam because he had to eat it morning day and night. 🙂Russia suffered under massive stagflation during the Brezhnev era. The only time Russia had significant economic recovery was during the 1950's and 60's under Khrushchev primarily because of a shortage of labor due to the Purges and World War II which meant if you breathed, you worked. Because Russia wasn't incorporated into Western economies, the Depression didn't affect them as it did the West, so there was only one way to go, and that was up. However, the Military Industrial Complex formed the heart of Russia's economy, but once it ate up Russia's budget, the rest of the economy, including the agrarian sector (especially the Donbass region), suffered. During the 1980's there was once again massive grain shortages which forced the USSR to import American grown wheat much to their embarrassment. Despite the fact that the USA and USSR were mortal enemies by then, I say it speaks volumes about the differences in America and Russia wouldn't you? I could go on, but I won't.
If calculate this stuff the conclusion is that USSR's economics during these 63 years was developing more rapidly than the USA's economics in 2.18%. Were collectivism & industrialism not effective?
According to Maddison @ Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2006 AD Which has no data for the USSR until 1928. In 1928 the USA's GDP was $794,700,000 and that of the USSR was $231,886,000 in 1989 the comparable numbers were USA- $5,703,521,000 and the USSR was $2,307,253,000. This means both economies grew about tenfold during this period. Admittedly the Soviet economy grew more proportionally. However, the stunning difference is the absolute numbers. throughout the period the economy of the USA was at least 3 times as large as that of the USSR and both countries had similar size populations. The Per capita GDP starkly demonstrates this. In 1985 the per capita GDP in the USA was $20,880 and in the USSR $6,943. A rather stunning difference illustrating comparative wealth dont you think? Those numbers are also from Maddison USSR: Assessing the Performance of a Communist Command Economy this leads me to believe that the Soviet economy was in fact weaker than that of the US and this held true throughout the Soviet period.
Why Russia must sell gas dirt-cheap and have no right to demand repay from Ukraine?
I made no comment about Russia's right to demand payment. I simply commented that they are actiing in an Imperialist manner by imposing a de facto gas blockade on all of Europe when their dispute is with the Ukraine.
It is fashionable nowadays in Czech and Hungary to sully the USSR's name.
This is kind of a cop-out answer isn't it? It was fashionable in Hungary and Czech during the Soviet era to Sully the USSR, they just did not do it where the Secret Police could hear them. I will however revise my challenge. Find someone who was not a party member who speaks fondly about how great it was under communism and how thankful they were for the support they got from the Soviets. I am sure there are some out there.
A good example of Russian imperialism is the War in Georgia last summer
I just afraid of speak about it with you I feel that we live in different worlds.
Of course we do. That is why debate is important. I would really like to understand how it is justifiable for Russia to militarily intervene in Georgia when there was already international missions in the area trying to settle the dispute peacefully. I dont think the South Ossetians are totally wrong but then I dont think they have the right to just say we want to leave. Russia has had a hand in Georgia all along, encouraging the separatists. If that is justifiable then it would be equally justifiable for the US to seek alliances with Ukraine and Belorussia right?I am reminded of joke told in the old DDR (East Germany) and retold in the movie "The Lives of Others"Erich hoenecker gets up in the morning and throws open his bedroom windows and says "Good morning Sun!, The sun replies "Good morning Erich!". In the evening When he gets home, Hoenecker opens his living room window and says "Good evening Sun!" and the sun says "Kiss my A**, I'm in the West now"That joke and the fact that they had to build a wall to keep people IN tells me just about all I need to know about communism and how great it was.