I dont think the intent was to kill them, I think the Turks just did not much care one way or the other if they survived or not. The Turks were not going to divert supplies from their war effort to help what they considered a bunch of traitors.
Exactly. And please keep in mind that at the time the Turks were in conflict within themselves (the pro-ottomans and the republicans), and they were fighting the Russians, British, French, Italians who had support from the US and were aided by the Kurds, Arabs, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians. So a lot was going on at the same time. That trauma is one of the causes of the notion "a Turk doesn't have any friends but a Turk" and similar nonsense. Unfortunatly we became a very xenophobe nation after WW1.
Also, biased may not necessarily mean unreliable as long as the reader knows it biased. Yes, they may have gathered all evidence to prove or try to prove their case, but there are still letters from American, British, and German ambassadors that can't or shouldn't be dismissed.
I'm not saying the website as a whole is unreliable I'm just saying the conlusions and the hearsay presented as facts (for example the 1.5 millon killed) are unreliable. If you can sift through those than those websites can be quite useful.With respect to the population question. I just looked up the 1914 census numbers (I'll put a link but it's in Turkish) and it says in total 1.219.323 Armenians lived in the Empire.http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf
Ski,Come on! Basing a view on a cite called armenian genocide is tantamount to basing an opinion on a site called http://www.tallarmeniantale.com. Both would be unreliable to say the least. I'm not sure of the exact number of dead but I'm sure it cannot possibly be 1.5 million. There are conflicting accounts from 50 thousand to 500 thousand. I'd guess it's probably something in the middle. Scout, Ski,As far as I know there was no concentration camps, or mass killings or boycott of Armenian business. I'm sure that there was nothing of the sort in western anatolia. But of course there was a mistrust of armenians in the general population, as I said because of the insurrection. I did not mention this in my original post because I do not believe in the "eye for an eye" but what seems unbelievable to me is that in the west most of the people think that one day out of the blue the infidel Turks decided to kill a nation, with whom they had been neigbors with for nearly a millenium, because they were Christian. This is mostly due to the very efficient Armenian propaganda but its just silly to believe this. The Armenians had been subjects of the Empire for more than 500 years, noone forced them to change their religion and noone killed them because of it. The deaths that occurred in 1915 were directly because of the Armenian rebellion for independance. Was England gulity of genocide when it killed Americans in the colonies? No, it was trying to stem a rebellion.Over the years this issue has become almost like the glue that holds Armenians together in national unity. So they see denying the "Armenian Genocide" as a personal attack on themselves. Scout,Until about 20-25 years ago there was a "wall of silence" around this subject and almost all other subjects in Turkey. But in recent years there have been many attempts made by the government to appease the Armenians. They have repeatedly said that this is not a political issue but a historical one, therefore a team of historians from both sides and impartial ones should conduct research and share their conclusions. They have offered to open up all of the archives of the Republic and the Ottoman empire. But the Armenians have repeatedly refused such offers. They have created themselves the ultimate enemy and they don't want it to go away. The interesting thing is, it's not the Armenians in Armenia that are the most hardline on the subject. They are surprisingly open to discussion. But it's usually the rich Armenians living mostly in California and the South of France that cry "treason" everytime an Armenian official comes in to contact with a Turkish official. oh and be careful about stating your views about the "genocide" in Switzerland, the Swiss passed a law which made the denial of Armenian Genocide a crime!If you're really interested in the other side of the story try to look up Justin McCarthy, Bernard Lewis, Heath Lowry, Erich Feigl or Guenter Lewy.
Well, as you all know this is a very sensitive and lenghty subject. More so for me because my grandmother was a Christian Armenian who converted to Islam (out of her own free will) when she married my Grandfather. I'll say the last thing first; No, I do not believe a genocide in the legal sense of the word occured against the Armenians during or after WW1. I'll explain my reasoning later but first I have to state something about the number of Armenians skiguy cited above;- Stalin famously said 1 death is a tragedy 1000000 is statistics. Now I don't intend to diminish the enormity of human suffering by saying there were not 1.5 million Armenians killed but none of the official records of the time can verify such number. According to the Ottoman official records 413.067 people were deported 56.610 of which died, the number of people that were deported is reported as 600.000 in the Catholic Encyclopedia and according to the official letter of the American Consul JB Jackson the number of Armenians subject to deportation was 486.000.Keep in mind that the total number of Armenians living in what was then the Ottoman Empire was roughly 1.5 million. Again the number of dead being 50.000 or even 5 instead of 1.5 million doesn't diminish the humanitarian tragedy but let's try to keep it within the proven facts.Article 2 of 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."Now, why do I think that regrettable episode was technically not a genocide. In 1915 the Ottoman Empire was in utter turmoil, It had just lost the Great War, it was under occupation and there was rebellion all over the empire. The idea of nationalism had come to the empire and the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians, Armenians etc. all had recently gained or were still struggling for their independance. All of these nations had the backing of one of the western powers or Russia. The Armenians had received support for their independance cause from both France (directly) and Russia (indirectly). Scout mentions the "legitimate fears" the government had about the Armenians fighting with the Russians against the Empire. Actually these were not "legitimate fears" but actual happenings. There are records of Armenians volunteering with the Russian Army as well as Armenians forming armed gangs in rural areas which acted in coordination with the Russian army. There are also records Armenian legions who fought under the French flag.I can understand the Armenians longing for independance, they are an ancient and proud people and when the opportunity presented itself they alligned themselves with the enemies of their former rulers. For me this is perfectly understandable. What I can't understand is how can anyone expect the Ottoman empire to defend itself from an Armenian insurrection without harming its Armenian subjects? There was no "intent to destroy the Armenians" but an intent to defend the country. The Armenians living in the western part of the empire were left unmolested and continued to live as equal citizens. As I said, among these was the family of my grandmother. However in the east as a result of the abovementioned cooperation with the Russians and later with the French, the Armenian population was seen as a threat to national security and deported. I accept that during these deportations there were probably some random killings and such, but I really do not believe that there was an intent to rid the Empire of Armenians at any time. If the Ottoman Empire's actions were to be accepted as genocide; then off the top of my head; I think putting Japanese in concentration camps in WW2, the French actions in Algeria, Italian actions in Libya should also be considered genocide.Scout, with respect to your question about the Turkish Governments silence: They really are not that silent but just can't get any airtime, my guess is western media just doesn't like to be percieved as deniers. And face it, Turkey is not a popular country in the west , we are seen as barbarian, quazi-civilized muslims who should be kept at arms lenght. You prefer us to the afghans and taliban but that's about it. Look, I am not a nationalist and I did not come to this forum to blindly defend "my country". But I can not and will not ever compromise my views to be accepted, here or anywhere else. I realise the abovementioned views will be unpopular, maybe even offensive to some, but this is what I believe to have happened.
I would say it was evolutionary (if I'm understanding your meaning of the word correctly). The continued use of castles and swords for hand-to-hand combat suggests as much. It gradually became a more and more significant element in warfare but it was hardly a huge game-changer at the beginning. I think that the introduction of aircraft in warfare brought about a more immediate change than the introduction of gunpowder did.
If by gunpowder weapons you mean only muskets, rifles and such I agree eith you. But if you include cannons in gunpowder weapos I'd say it changed warfare dramatically. The single biggest example is the fall of constantinople/conquest of Istanbul, depending on your view 🙂 , without gunpowder that city was impossible to sack.
Exactly. But even if we agreed upon a definition of good when the state does something that it percieves as good it will either do something good for it (i.e. the state) or the individual. These two entities interests can not be overlapping all the time. Hence the state can not do what is good for the individual, all the time.
What about not necessarily agreeing on everything, but the state is good for unity (constitutionality)?nkuler, I don't think Aristotle has the statist view. He often stresses that a good government is one that allows the citizens to be 'good' individuals. The responsibility of what makes a good state rests on the citizens, not the governing powers. (at least this is how I've interpreted him so far).
I have read far too few books to consider myself anything but a virtual ignorant about the ancient greeks, including Arsitotle. I only interpreted the statement as I read it and not Aristotle's overall views. And keep in mind please that English is not my mother tongue so it's very possible for me to misinterprete.Having said this, I come back to the question I posed before. How can the responsibility of creating a good state can rest on that states subjects when it is those people whose rights are limited by the same state itself?Some other questions have popped into my head from your statement. Whose unity? A nation? If so, when can a nation be considered unified? Finally, does the illusion of a unified nation inhibit us as human beings from creating the ultimate unified state with the individual's interests as the only one worth protecting after the interests of respective states have been eliminated?
The problem comes when Muslims want to institute Sharia law n western society and westerners want to impose western values on Muslims, both are wrong. This is not moral relativism, this is moral realism. I can and do disagree with many of the tenets of Muslim tradition where they conflict with my core values. In much the same way my values conflict with some Muslim values. The high profile differences are the ways in which westerners and Muslims treat women, property, and religion. I should be free to express my values in my home country and deplore what I find deplorable in others; that is tolerance. I have no right to go to a Muslim or any other country and impose my values upon them. Conversely, they should not expect to come to my country and have my culture change because my core values are not the same. This is a variation on the smoking in my house analogy.
This is where I don't agree with you. Imposing a set of values to another society with its own set of values shouldn't be done. Ok. But I cannot accept the cutting off of someones hand because they stole something under the heading of "tolerance", or different set of values. I believe with respect to certain inalianable rights of man there is no "other culture" or society. Culture is how spicy I eat my food, the music I listen to etc. I refuse to believe the stoning of women, oppresion of dissidents or apartheid or some other such non sense should be excused or tolerated.
I draw the line at practices that conflict with my core values. If that makes me intolerant then so be it, I have been called worse things. I refuse to compromise my own principles on the altar of some misperceived idea of diversity for its own sake. I am more than willing to accept new ideas but only if I see something in them that is worthy or redeeming.
Then I would ask how would you define your core values and whose core values would we take into account while determining the set of core values for a society.As I said above I'd much rather draw any such line using the basic human rights as my guide. I actually think your forefathers did a pretty good job of it with the Bill of Rights.
You consider yourself a deist of what sort, Enlightenment or Renaissance? And what is the big difference between deism and agnosticism? I have always thought the two were essentially different sides of the same coin.
So have I ;DMine is really my own personal belief system which developed thru my personal experiences. I called it deism because it most closely resembles that but I could just as easily have called it Gnostisicm. I'll try to explain myself better; I was born and raised in Turkey,to non-practicing muslim parents and a practising muslim grandparents and at a time when Turkey was virtually shut out from the rest of the world because of a coup d'etat. Then at a young age I lived in the states for a while and realized that christians were not all blood thirsty infidels who sought to kill my family and me but pretty friendly people for the most part. I even went to a Jesuit high school while there. Even as a kid when you believe everything your parents believe I could not believe that a kid - same as me- would burn in hell only because he was born to the wrong parents who were christian, jewish or whatever. That first shred of doubt always stayed with me and made it impossible for me to believe in any organised religion. Then I got into reading mostly about christian history but some about jewish and Islamic history and I came to my own conclusions which I will not share with you because again I don't wish to offend anyones beliefs. But I will say that I admire some aspects of all major religions that I've read about, while I can not accept some aspects of the same. And altough I sometimes concede that there may not be a God at all, I've never called myself an atheist as the belief in a supreme being gives me inner peace.
I agree more with what Scout1067 said. My problem with Aristotle's statement is that it is built on an assumption that state is for the good of man. I believe that the state does serve its citizens regarding certain matters and therefore is "for the good of man", however I also believe that there is a constant conflict between the state's domain and the rights and liberties of the individual. Therefore it would be "unnatural" for two sides of a conflict, any conflict, to be "for the good of" each other all the time.
Just a question, don't mean to hijack a great discussion, but are the Dardenelles and Hellespont the same thing or is it not called Hellespont anymore?
They're the same place but actually they're both ancient names. Today we call it the strait of ?anakkale in Turkish.
Just curious, I am going to have to get down there one of these days. There is too much history in Turkey to not visit. If nothing else I want to see the Hagia Sophia and the traditional location where Leander supposedly swam the Bosporus.
BTW, I found this in the governorship of Istanbul's web page bout Leander;Western sources have erroneously attributed the tower to Leander, who drowned as he was trying to swim to his lover Hero. Actually, this mythological story took place in the Dardanelles. http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=438But for a military hostorian the Dardanelles is probably a must see also, with the battle of Gallipoli having taken place there. Edirne is also within 2 hour drive you could cisit Adrianople and Gallipoli in one weekend comfortably.
You are right; the world is becoming a much smaller place. Tolerance is needed even more. Notice I do not say agreement but tolerance. I don?t agree with everything but I do try to tolerate it. I actually like talking to people of different viewpoints it makes my own worldview expand. I spent a year in Iraq in 2004-2005 and I met some very interesting people. I didn?t agree with them on everything but they did have some interesting and thought provoking things to say. The fact that we can communicate without name calling and derogatory arguments shows that we are both tolerant. Religion and ethnicity can be enriching and should go some way to define an individual but in the end we are all still members of the human race and that should count for something too. I am a Catholic and American but that does not mean that I cannot have a civil conversation with someone who is not.
I can't think of a sane, civilized person who'd disagree with this. But now we come to the real question: when does tolerance becomes intolerance by virtue of the things it tolerates. When the brits tolerate sheria is this a form of intolerance because the women concerned will not be able to "opt out" of becoming subjects to such arbitrary (in every sense of the word) legal system and thus not being able to enjoy the rights and freedoms other women of their own nationality enjoy. I can guess your answer to my hypothetical but exactly where exactly would you draw the line?ps: I really didn't mean to cause offense by the Darwinism comment, it was meant as tonge-in-cheek but I forgot to put one these 😉 at the end. Altough I consider myself deist and don't believe in organized religion of any kind I respect the institutions and what they mean to believers.
From what I've read you seem to be a practicing Christian, but some hints of Darwinism creeping crept in there with the implication of only the best adapted to change will survive. I've just read the piece about Sheria. It's pretty ingenius actually the way they formulated it. I mean in all the legal systems that I know of which recognize arbitration you can choose the law to be applied as well as the procedural law. So in effect they are just saying that where the next guy is picking Geneva as the seat of arbitration and Swiss law as the applicable law, we're picking London and Sheria. I really can't see how you could outlaw this practice for commercial cases but as far as things like criminal offences and marriage and divorce are concerned they should be regarded as being within the realm of "public order" (or at least they are under Turkish law) and a tribunal would not be able to decide on such matters.With respect to your rant, I have the following problem with it. To continue with the Turks in Germany examlpe, it's not the Germans fault that those people couldn't find work in Turkey and left to work in Germany. Therefore you shouldn't expect them to conform to your belief system as much as you should conform to theirs. After all it is their house. Of course when we get to the second and third generation Gastarbeiters then the problem changes. It's understandable to tell a fresh off the train foreigner to learn the language, respect local customs. But how can you tell a German citizen whose father was born in Germany to respect the local culture. Wouldn't he say I'm as German as you, my culture is at least a part of the local culture? I honestly don't know where to draw the line. Sheria (which is actually a bad example becasue we've had a secular legal system in Turkey for almost a century now) is bad but doner kebap is good? Whether we like it or not the world is a much smaller place and is getting smaller by the minute if you ask me. And expecting every country to stay the same in the faace of such a huge populace interaction just isn't realistic in my opinion. 50 years ago we would've needed 6-8 months to carry on this "conversation" thru letters. IF those letters didn't get lost on the way. 500 years ago we'd be obliged to kill each other. ;DBut now you're conversing with a real life "infidel" about developents in a country which neither of us live in. So even if you send the foreigner "home" physically, the cultural interaction remains. All I'm saying is that all our respective cultures need to adapt to this change.
I am not a big fan of globalization if that means the watering down of traditional cultural and moral institutions. I can live alongside those of other cultures but I dont wan them dictating my actions any more than I want to dictate theirs. A case in point is Sharia Law, which has recently been introduced for Muslim Britains. I disagree with this and think that if Muslims want to live under Sharia then they should go where Sharia is the law and not try to co-opt a legal process in England that has worked well for almost 1500 years.The problem as I see it and have said before is a lack of integration. This is worldwide. If you move to another country you should accommodate to the society in which you live and not try to force it to accommodate itself to you. This applies just as much to Mexicans in America as it does to Turks in Germany, Pakistanis in Britain, or Algerians in France. It is not a matter of which culture is better overall; it is a question of toleration of norms within a larger society.
In theory I agree 100%, I mean if you want to continue living under your own cultural norms than don't go abroad. On the surface this seems to be sensible but I think the problem arises because most of the people living as foreigners do not really want to be living in the country they reside in. They are mostly there because they are either running from some sort of persecution or because of economic reasons. So they become more entranched in their old belief systems. That being said I do agree that one should conform to the basic norms of the society they live in but they should also be able to exircise basic individual freedoms within their individual sphere of life. I am not aware of any Sheria law to be applied to muslims in Britain but if that's true I find it to be moronic. The Ottomans had a multifaceted legal system, the greeks were judged according to their own rules, the armenians according to their own and the muslims according to their own.How can you even talk about a notion of justice when the penalty for a crime differs on the basis of your ethnicity.
Know this soulds like a sound bite but it just might apply; Lawrence's quote (from the movie, so not sure... may, or may not, really be his though): "So long as the Arabs fight tribe against tribe, so long will they be a little people, a silly people - greedy, barbarous, and cruel...."Applied to the Turks as well as what's going on today all over the Middle east, IMHO. Too tribal, need to get their act together to accomplish anything of import.Wally
You can say lot to criticise the Turks but being too tribal is honestly not one of them. I really don't want to come off as too defensive but I just had to say that.Coming back to the original question; of course there can't be one reason to pinpoint but my view on the matter is as follows:The Ottoman Empire was different from it's peers insofar as it was an empire which had to conquer to survive. All of it's ideologies, economic system, administrative system was closely linked to the war loot (whether it be in the form of monies or pepole) from conquered lands. Battle of Lepanto was important but the Ottomans were a "land empire" so I do not agree that it was decisive. If I had to choose a battle I'd say the failed sieges of Vienna, and maybe the battle of Prut where they could've wiped out the Russian Army and Peter the Great instead let him go. But I think more important was the fact that the Sultan's became conservative. Mehmet the Conquerer was famous for his appriciation for innovation. He first deployed large cannons at the siege of Istanbul, which were made by a Hungarian master who had been laughed off because the canons were regarded to be too heavy to be used effectively. The most famous example to the contrary is the printing press. As you know Guttenberg invented it at the middle of the 15th century. However in the empire the Jews started using it at the end of 15th century, the Armenians at the middle of 16th century and the Greeks on 1627. The Turks ? On 1727! almost 2 centuries after the invention and almost a century and a half after after it was started to be used in the empire. Another reason was when the nationalist movements which arose from the french revolution came to the Empire, the Turks were the last to wake up. At the end of the 19th century there were uprisings all over the Balkans, the arabs were revolting etc. However the Turks (which weren't called Turks but muslims) still believed in the idea of Ottomanism rather than nationalism. It wasn't until the Jeune Turc movement the Turks had a nationalist movement to counter the ones in the other parts of the empire. But by that time the Empire was already dying and nothing could be done to save it but the nation of Turkey was able to emerge as a result.